如何区分儒家、道家、佛家、法家和墨家？

一.儒家

儒家思想也被称为儒家思想。以孔子为代表。由孔子创立。主要人物有孔子、孟子、荀卿、董仲舒、朱子、王阳明等。著名代表作有《论语》、《孟子》、《荀子》、《周易》等。儒家思想自成立以来已有2500多年的历史。

Confucianism is also known as Confucianism. Confucius as the representative. It was founded by Confucius. The main figures are Confucius, Mencius, Xun Qing, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Zi, Wang Yangming and so on. Famous works include The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Zhouyi and so on. Confucianism has a history of more than 2,500 years since its establishment.

儒家思想讲的是中庸之道。三纲五常。三纲是君为臣，父为子，夫为妻。大臣、子、妻必须绝对服从君、父、夫。同时，君、父、夫要为大臣、子、妻树立榜样。五常即仁、义、礼、智、信。是调整和规范君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妻、朋友等人际关系的行为准则。

Confucianism speaks of the golden mean. the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues as specified in the feudal ethical code. The third principle is that the king is the minister, the father is the son and the husband is the wife. Ministers, sons and wives must absolutely obey the monarch, father and husband. At the same time, kings, fathers and husbands should set an example for ministers, sons and wives. The five constants are benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. It is a code of conduct to adjust and standardize the interpersonal relationships between kings and officials, father and son, brothers, husband and wife, friends and so on.

儒:天行健，君子以自强不息。儒家主张天人合一。

1.和而不同：君子和而不同，小人同而不和。

2.义利分辨：君子于义，小人比利。

3.中和之道：致中和，天地地位，万物育。

4.生命在世：立德、立功、立言、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。

5.世界情怀：大道之行，天下为公。

Confucianism: Heaven is healthy, and a gentleman strives for self-improvement. Confucianism advocates the unity of heaven and man.

1. Harmony but difference: a gentleman is harmonious but different, and a villain is the same but not the same.

2. Distinguish between righteousness and benefit: a gentleman is above righteousness, but a villain is Billy.

3. The way of neutralization: neutralization, the status of heaven and earth, and the education of all things.

4. Life in the world: morality, meritorious service, speech, self-cultivation, family unity, governance and world peace.

5. Feelings of the world: the world is the public on the road.

儒家思想:思想主题是仁义，舍生取义，以仁孝治国。这是一个以仁为核心的思想体系。该系统的主要内容包括:仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、恕、孝、耻、名、节等。倡导礼、乐、仁、忠、恕、中庸、德、仁，重视伦理关系。

儒家思想精髓：入世。治世。先天忧而忧，后天乐而乐。这是他们的典范。

儒家基础：当代以弟子规则为儒家基础。

Confucianism: the ideological theme is benevolence and righteousness, sacrificing life for righteousness and ruling the country with benevolence and filial piety. This is an ideological system with benevolence as the core. The main contents of the system include: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, loyalty, forgiveness, filial piety, shame, name, festival and so on. Advocate etiquette, music, benevolence, loyalty, forgiveness, moderation, virtue and benevolence, and pay attention to ethical relations.

The essence of Confucianism: China's entry into WTO. Rule the world. Congenital worry and worry, the day after tomorrow happy and happy. This is their model.

Confucian Foundation: the contemporary Confucian foundation is based on the rules of disciples.

《弟子规》是清康熙时期山西江州学者李玉秀写的。他是根据孔子的教导写的。原360句，1080字，语言简洁。它在儿童早期教育中起着重要的作用。《弟子规》灌输了儒家文化的精髓，是当代乃至未来人民道德教育的好教材。

"Di Zi Gui" was written by Li Yuxiu, a scholar in Jiangzhou, Shanxi Province during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. He wrote according to the teachings of Confucius. Original 360 sentences, 1080 words, concise language. It plays an important role in early childhood education. "Di Zi Gui" instills the essence of Confucian culture and is a good textbook for people's moral education at present and in the future.

二.道家

道教也被称为德家。道教是古代最具影响力的哲学学派。道教不同于道教:道教是宗教信仰，道教是哲学思想。

道教的创始人是老子，代表人物主要包括老子、庄子等。更具影响力的代表作有《道德经》、《太上感应》、《庄子》、《列子》等。它已立2600多年。

道教讲的是清洁无为，修仙修真。

The founder of Taoism is Lao Tzu, and the representative figures mainly include Lao Tzu, Zhuangzi and so on. More influential representative works include Tao Te Ching, the Supreme Master's induction, Zhuangzi, Liezi and so on. It has been established for more than 2600 years.

道是指天地万物的本质和自然循环的规律。

其意义：

第一，道是天地万物的本源。

第二，道是自然而无为的。

第三，道无形而实存。

第四，道具有普遍性，无处不在，无处不在。

Taoism is about cleanliness, inaction, immortality and truth.

Tao refers to the essence of all things in heaven and earth and the law of natural circulation.

道：地势坤，君子以德载物。道教倡导自然无为，与自然和谐相处。

1.道法自然，无为自化。(自然)

2.宽广包容，厚德载物。(大地)

3.温柔慈爱，养育万物。(妈妈)

4.回归婴儿，保持本真。(婴儿)

5.善若水，以柔克刚。(水性)

6.虚怀若谷，道冲不盈。(谷神)

7.海纳百川，有容乃大。(大海)

8.大象无形，不缴不昧。(天象)

9.致需宁静，归根复命。(虚空)

10.孔德之容，只有道是从。(道德)

Its significance:

First, Tao is the origin of all things in heaven and earth.

Second, Tao is natural and inactive.

Third, Tao is invisible and real.

Fourth, props are universal, everywhere, everywhere.

Tao: the terrain is Kun, and a gentleman carries things with virtue. Taoism advocates inaction and harmony with nature.

1. Tao follows nature and does nothing. (NATURAL)

2. Be broad-minded and tolerant, and carry the load of virtue. (earth)

3. Gentle and loving, nurturing all things. (MOM)

4. Return to the baby and stay true. (baby)

5. Kindness is like water, and softness overcomes hardness. (water based)

6. Be open-minded, and the road is not full. (CERES)

7. The sea embraces all rivers, and tolerance is great. (SEA)

8. the great form has no shape. (celestial phenomena)

9. If you need peace, go back to life. (void)

10. The capacity of Kong De, only the Tao is from. (Ethics)

道教：思想主题是自然和谐。

道教的核心思想是道。道是宇宙的根源，也是统治宇宙中所有运动的规律。

道教的基本政治主张是无为而治，无为之事，行不言之教，即治国，一切自然，采取不干涉或少干涉人民的政策，以无为手段达到无为的目的。

道教思想的本质:天人合一，无为而治。顺其自然，不强求，不逆天(这里的天指的是客观规律和自然。)。道教的根源是太上感应。

《太上感应》倡导积德积功、慈爱事物；强调忠孝友爱。面对自己，保持孤独，尊重老人和年轻人。这本书认为，天、地、人体内有记录人功德罪过的神和鬼，充分体现了人们对鬼神权威的敬畏。

The core of Taoism is Taoism. Tao is the root of the universe and the law governing all movements in the universe.

The basic political proposition of Taoism is to govern by inaction, to do nothing, to teach without words, that is, to govern the country, everything is natural, to adopt the policy of non-interference or less interference with the people, and to achieve the purpose of inaction by means of inaction.

The essence of Taoist thought: the unity of heaven and man and the rule of inaction. Let it be, don't force it, don't go against the sky (the sky here refers to objective laws and nature). The root of Taoism is supreme induction.

"Supreme induction" advocates accumulating virtue and merit and loving things; Emphasize loyalty, filial piety and friendship. Face yourself, stay lonely and respect the old and young. The book holds that there are gods and ghosts in heaven, earth and human body that record people's merits, virtues and sins, which fully reflects people's awe of the authority of ghosts and gods.

三.佛家

佛教：强调自身修养，讲超世。

佛教教育是教人们相信因果关系，要正直，超越轮回，渡己渡人，成就佛果。创始人是悉达多迦牟尼佛。它已经成立2000多年了。

佛教讲的是众生平等，众生可以成佛，超越轮回，成佛果。

佛教的主要思想是鼓励人们行善。不恶；耐心。戒欲；生物平等。

佛教的思想是意识。意识是自我意识，最终通过自我意识得到解脱。

佛禅：健康是最大的利益，满足是最好的财产，信任是最好的命运，平静是最大的幸福。

佛：众生平等，慈悲救世。

1.因缘而合：因缘而起，因缘而合。

2.中道圆融：中道正观。

3.明心见性：佛性即人性，明心见佛性。

4.平等慈悲：众生平等，慈悲救世。

5.真如本性：自己不如，本来面目。

6.色空不二：色不异空，看破放下。

The core of Taoism is Taoism. Tao is the root of the universe and the law governing all movements in the universe.

The basic political proposition of Taoism is to govern by inaction, to do nothing, to teach without words, that is, to govern the country, everything is natural, to adopt the policy of non-interference or less interference with the people, and to achieve the purpose of inaction by means of inaction.

The essence of Taoist thought: the unity of heaven and man and the rule of inaction. Let it be, don't force it, don't go against the sky (the sky here refers to objective laws and nature). The root of Taoism is supreme induction.

"Supreme induction" advocates accumulating virtue and merit and loving things; Emphasize loyalty, filial piety and friendship. Face yourself, stay lonely and respect the old and young. The book holds that there are gods and ghosts in heaven, earth and human body that record people's merits, virtues and sins, which fully reflects people's awe of the authority of ghosts and gods.

佛教思想的本质：没有巨大的悲伤，同样的身体也是巨大的悲伤。也就是说，它出生了。它也加入了这个世界。加入这个世界是为了拯救所有的生物（所有的生物都是为了拯救所有的生物，理解生命宇宙的真正意义，摆脱痛苦的海洋，到达另一边（没有痛苦、疾病、战争、贫富之间的区别，没有生死，没有知识，没有）。

佛教表现：

第一，信三世。知生有事，死知有事。

第二，信六道。也就是说，信六道轮回理论(一是天道，二是人道，三是阿修罗道；四是畜生道，五是饿鬼道，六是地狱道。三善道，三恶道，共六道。

第三，信善恶报。也就是说，善恶必有果报，或报自己的身体，或报子孙，或报来世。

佛教的根源是十善业道经。

摆脱所有的痛苦，获得巨大的利益，方法就是修行十好的职业道路。也就是说，远离杀戮、盗窃和淫秽；远离语言妄语(谎言)、舌头(煽动)、坏嘴(粗俗语言)、奇怪语言(花言巧语)；远离贪婪。愤怒(愤怒和怨恨)。愚蠢。离开这十个邪恶的事业就是修复十个好事业。

The core of Taoism is Taoism. Tao is the root of the universe and the law governing all movements in the universe.

The basic political proposition of Taoism is to govern by inaction, to do nothing, to teach without words, that is, to govern the country, everything is natural, to adopt the policy of non-interference or less interference with the people, and to achieve the purpose of inaction by means of inaction.

The essence of Taoist thought: the unity of heaven and man and the rule of inaction. Let it be, don't force it, don't go against the sky (the sky here refers to objective laws and nature). The root of Taoism is supreme induction.

"Supreme induction" advocates accumulating virtue and merit and loving things; Emphasize loyalty, filial piety and friendship. Face yourself, stay lonely and respect the old and young. The book holds that there are gods and ghosts in heaven, earth and human body that record people's merits, virtues and sins, which fully reflects people's awe of the authority of ghosts and gods.

四.法家

法家的核心思想是以法治引领社会(以法治世界，即依法治国)。它的理论基础是一切都以道为基础。法律是道在社会中的体现，法家实施法治思想的根本目的是富国强兵。

管仲、子产、商鞅等都是法学学派的创始人。其主要作品有《韩非子》等。

法律是以严刑（指残暴统治）控制国家的法律制度。

法家的主要内容是法律(法令)、术术(技巧、权术)、势(审时度势，顺势而为。

缺点：夸大法治的作用，法治应以人为本。

The core idea of Legalists is to lead the society by the rule of law (to rule the world by law, that is, to rule the country by law). Its theoretical basis is that everything is based on Tao. Law is the embodiment of Tao in society. The fundamental purpose of Legalists in implementing the thought of rule of law is to enrich the country and strengthen the army.

Guan Zhong, Zi Chan and Shang Yang are the founders of the school of law. His main works are Han Feizi and so on.

Law is the legal system that controls the country with severe punishment (referring to cruel rule).

The main contents of Legalists are law (decree), art (skill, power), and power (judging the situation and taking advantage of it).

Disadvantages: exaggerate the role of the rule of law, and the rule of law should be people-oriented.

五.墨家

墨家：走极权主义治国之路。提倡服从上级，爱与利（爱是相互的）。利润也是相互的；它是对立统一、相辅相成、相互依存、相互条件的辩证关系。)作为理论的基础。

墨家学派的创始人是墨子，战国时期。主要作品《墨子》等。

墨家观点：官无常贵。

墨家的教育理念是努力实践，服从纪律。也就是说，世界是他们自己的责任。提出造福世界的教育目的。注重严格纪律；提倡尊重天地鬼神；提倡爱人爱自己。

Mohism: take the road of totalitarian governance. Advocate obedience to superiors, love and benefit (love is mutual). Profits are also mutual; It is a dialectical relationship of unity of opposites, complementarity, interdependence and mutual conditions As the basis of theory.

The founder of Mohist school was Mozi in the Warring States period. His main works are Mozi, etc.

Mohist view: officials are impermanent and expensive.

Mohist educational philosophy is to practice hard and obey discipline. In other words, the world is their own responsibility. Put forward the educational purpose of benefiting the world. Pay attention to strict discipline; Advocate respecting the ghosts and gods of heaven and earth; Advocate that lovers love themselves.

综合概论

1.儒、道、佛的养生思想：

儒家讲的是尊重。

道教讲的是静。

佛教讲净。

从修复层面看，一个高于一个层次。

2.儒家的最高境界是圣人；道教的最高境界是真人；佛教的最高境界是成佛。

3.儒、道、佛都是心灵之学，都主张内求。

4.学习传统文化，要懂得以儒治世，以道治身，以佛治心。

5.学习传统文化，要把《弟子规》的实施作为传统文化的基础。

General introduction

1. The health preservation thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism:

Confucianism is about respect.

Taoism is about silence.

Buddhism is pure.

From the perspective of repair, one is higher than another.

2. The highest state of Confucianism is sage; The highest state of Taoism is the real person; The highest state of Buddhism is becoming a Buddha.

3. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are all theories of mind and advocate internal seeking.

4. To learn traditional culture, we should know how to govern the world with Confucianism, the body with Taoism and the heart with Buddhism.

5. To learn traditional culture, we should take the implementation of "Di Zi Gui" as the basis of traditional culture.