曹参的无为而治，根本不是消极怠工，原来是法家与道家的合作

引言：

Introduction:

萧何去世后，汉朝迎来了一位名叫曹参的将军。当人们担心他的出现时，相国创造了一种新的治国模式，即无为而治。对于这种政治模式，汉惠帝曾怀疑曹参部长也很担心，但这种模式确实给汉朝带来了新的活力。

After Xiao he died, the Han dynasty ushered in a general named Cao Can. When people were worried about his presence, the prime minister created a new model of governance, that of doing nothing. Emperor Hui of han had suspected that Cao Shen was also worried about this political model, but it did bring new energy to the Han Dynasty.

到目前为止，仍有很多人无法理解当年的不作为治理，甚至很多人认为曹参的不作为治理是一种合理的堕落治理。事实上，不作为治理远没有我们想象的那么简单。政治模式越简单，收入就越高。不作为治理实际上是法家和道教的结合。

So far, there are still a lot of people can not understand the inaction of governance, and even a lot of people think that Cao Can's inaction governance is a reasonable degenerate governance. In fact, governing by inaction is far less straightforward than we think. The simpler the political model, the higher the income. Non-governance is actually a combination of legalism and Taoism.

说到无为而治的概念，你可能会想到刘邦和曹参，因为正是这种模式的出现实现了文景之治，使汉景帝和汉武帝有能力做更大的事情。就连这种伟大的政治模式也成了皇帝模仿的伟大方式。

Speaking of the concept of governing without doing anything, you may think of Liu Bang and Cao Can, because it was the emergence of this model that realized the governance of wenjing and enabled Emperor Jing and Emperor Wudi of The Han Dynasty to do greater things. Even this great political model became a great way for the emperor to imitate it.

然而，到目前为止，人们还不明白什么是无为而治。在我们的印象中，无为而治的概念是，统治者根本不管理下面的人，让他们做自己的事，这将使国家稳步发展。事实上，无为而治有更深层次的含义。在过去，我们认为这是历史的惯性。事实上，这一切都是在固定范围内合理引导的结果。没有一个王朝能自由成长。

So far, however, people have not understood what it means to do nothing. We are under the impression that the concept of non-governance is that the ruler does not manage the people below at all and lets them do their own thing, which will make the country develop steadily. In fact, doing nothing has a deeper meaning. In the past, we thought of this as historical inertia. In fact, all this is the result of reasonable guidance within a fixed range. No dynasty is free to grow.

无意中得到了治国大道

Accidentally got the avenue to statecraft

据史料记载，虽然齐国当时是一个富裕的地区，但它经历了很长一段时间的战争，所以一切都迫切需要新的发展。在此背景下，曹参本人是一名将军，不知道如何治理国家大政。

According to historical records, although Qi was a wealthy region at that time, it experienced a long period of war, so everything was in urgent need of new development. Against this background, Cao Shen himself was a general who had no idea how to run the country.

在百家论坛中，王立群老师曾经说过，当时齐地的军师不一样，曹参不知道听什么意见。就在他苦恼的时候，他意外地发现了一个叫盖公的人。曹参首先尊师重道，邀请老先生回到他的大房子里。正是从老先生那里，他才知道自己无为而治。

In the hundred Forum, Wang Liqun once said that at that time, the military advisers were different and Cao Shen did not know what to listen to. In his distress, he accidentally found a man named Gaigong. Cao Shen first respected the teacher and invited the old gentleman back to his big house. It was from the old gentleman that he learned that he had done nothing.

老先生的建议非常简单和实用。曹参下令，所有地方官员和人民都实行自治，上层统治者根本不管理。只要你能按时纳税，你就可以随意发展。当时，这项政策实施时，大家都担心整个齐国会的内乱，但出乎意料的是，各地都履行了自己的职责，人们都在努力生产。结果，他们什么也不在乎，反而让齐国富裕起来。

The old gentleman's advice was very simple and practical. Cao Ordered that all local officials and people should exercise autonomy, and the upper rulers should not administer at all. As long as you pay your taxes on time, you're free to prosper. At that time, when this policy was carried out, everyone was afraid of the whole Qi Parliament of civil unrest, but unexpectedly, everywhere fulfilled their duties, people worked hard to produce. As a result, they didn't care and made qi rich

后来，小何去世后，曹参来到中央政府任相国。他继续执行曹随小规的政策，实行无为而治。在此期间，无数武将和夏晨来找他劝诫，要求帝国指挥官有所作为。然而，曹参的行为非常简单粗暴。只要有人劝他，他就会带他们一起喝酒。当他们喝醉时，他们不好意思说话，只好吐回家。就连汉惠帝刘英也要求曹参的儿子询问无为而治的本质。结果，曹操差点毁了亲戚，打了儿子60大板。

Later, after xiao He died, Cao Shen came to the central government as prime Minister. He continued to carry out the cao following the small rules of the policy, the implementation of non-interference rule. During this time, numerous generals and Xia Chen came to him to admonish the imperial commander to do something. However, Cao's behavior was very simple and crude. He would take them for a drink if anyone tried to persuade him. When they get drunk, they are too embarrassed to talk and have to throw up. Even Liu Ying, emperor Hui of han, asked Cao Can's son to inquire about the nature of non-intervention. As a result, Cao Cao almost destroyed his relatives, beat his son 60 plates.

可以说，曹操当时真的堕落了。他每天喝酒看女人。如果他敢建议，他就会堕落。中央政府的不作为让汉惠帝非常担心，但很难理解，整个汉帝国自由成长，所有的财政、税收、农业和商业都取得了良好的发展。此时，人们明白无为而治，事实证明这确实是一个很好的政治制度，只要上层不作为，那么下层就可以很好地发展。早餐似乎也做到了这一点，但它也为文化景观的治理打开了一个模范。

It can be said that Cao Cao had really fallen. He drinks and watches women every day. If he dared suggest it, he would fall. The central government's inaction worried Emperor Hui of han very much, but it was hard to understand that the whole Han Empire grew freely and all finance, taxation, agriculture and commerce made good progress. At this point, people understood that there was nothing to do, and it turned out to be a really good political system, as long as the top didn't do anything, then the bottom could develop very well. Breakfast seems to do the same, but it also opens up a model for the governance of cultural landscapes.

不幸的是，无为而治的真理一直被忽视，曹参本人可能不理解无为而治的本质。事实上，这些都有历史惯性和历史框架。

Unfortunately, the truth of non-interference has been ignored, and Cao Can himself may not understand the nature of non-interference. In fact, these have historical inertia and historical framework.

古代政治学习不好

Ancient politics is not well studied.

众所周知，古代统治政治是一门非常困难的学问。为了保持国家的稳定，我们不能过度干预，我们必须找到一个平衡点。曹参的行为似乎打破了中国政治的规律。因此，中间必须有一个隐藏的平衡点，意外地被曹参击中，因此自由堕落政治取得了如此伟大的成就。

It is well known that ruling politics in ancient times is a very difficult science. In order to maintain the stability of the country, we cannot over-intervene, we have to find a balance. Cao's actions seem to break the rules of Chinese politics. Therefore, there must be a hidden balance in the middle, which was accidentally hit by Cao Shen, hence the great achievement of free degenerate politics.

经过王立群老师的分析：曹参或盖公发现了一段巧妙的历史，或者曹参自己的盲猫撞上了死老鼠，即无为而治，表面上是道家思想，实际上是法家思想。正如王立群所说，黄老学派的理论是一个以法家为基础，以道家思想为核心的概念。

After wang Liqun's analysis: Cao Shen or Gaigong discovered a clever history, or Cao Shen's own blind cat ran into a dead mouse, that is, he did nothing, ostensibly Taoism thought, actually legalism thought. Just as Wang Liqun said, the theory of huang-Lao School is a concept based on legalism and centered on Taoist thought.

早在先秦时期，秦始皇和秦国就在整个中国建立了法律概念，严格的刑法使人们知道该做什么，不能做什么。因此，整个社会都有一个固定的保险轨道。

As early as the pre-Qin period, the first Emperor of qin and the State of Qin established the concept of law throughout China, and strict criminal laws made people know what to do and what not to do. Therefore, the whole society has a fixed insurance track.

在这条固定的轨道上，人们以前经历过太多的战争，他们迫切需要和平、稳定和不干预。因此，在这条轨道上实施不作为政策将取得明显的效果。一方面，人们的下限有限，甚至形成习惯。另一方面，人们需要获得自由发展的空间。因此，上层堕落的政治和秦朝的法律惯性使这一切以自动列车的形式前进。

On this fixed track, people have been through too many wars before, and they desperately need peace, stability and non-intervention. Therefore, a policy of inaction on this track will achieve obvious results. On the one hand, people have limited lower limits and even form habits. On the other hand, people need space to develop freely. So the political corruption at the top and the legal inertia of the Qin dynasty made it all move on an automatic train.

表面上看，无为而治是一种懒惰的政治。事实上，这一切都是巧合。秦始皇建立的严格法律在人们心中打上了烙印。人们认为这是理所当然的。他们有自动向正确方向前进、任何控制的社会习惯。

On the face of it, doing nothing is lazy politics. In fact, it's all a coincidence. The strict laws established by The First Emperor of Qin left a mark on people's minds. People take it for granted. They have the social habit of automatically moving in the right direction and controlling anything.

结语：

conclusion：

因此，无为治理实际上有一个关键的核心，那就是法律的约束。在这种法律约束下，没有人会主动尝试违法，也没有人想打破这种罕见的和平。因此，如果中央政府不这样做，底层人民就会自由发展，每个人都会得到足够好的生产。

Therefore, the governance of inaction actually has a key core, that is the constraint of law. Under such legal constraints, no one will actively try to break the law, and no one will want to break the rare peace. So if the central government doesn't do that, people at the bottom will flourish freely and everyone will get good enough production.

正如明月在明朝所说，自古以来，中国农民就是最具生产力和创造力的。他们会努力生存，不需要皇帝的监督。因此，中国古代农业的发展非常简单，即不干预人民自身的发展。只要有法律作为约束，当年的不作为治理就明显达到态。因此，不作为治理比我们想象的要复杂得多，尽管它看起来很简单。

As mingyue said in the Ming Dynasty, Chinese farmers have been the most productive and creative since ancient times. They would struggle to survive without the emperor's supervision. Therefore, the development of agriculture in ancient China was very simple, that is, it did not interfere with the people's own development. As long as there is a law as a constraint, that year's non-governance obviously achieved state. So governance by omission is more complicated than we think, simple as it may seem.